Post

4 Cruising The Filesystem

Posted Updated
By EthanWang
7 min read
4 Cruising The Filesystem

4. Cruising The Filesystem

Visiting Specific Directories Efficiently

Jump to Your Home Directory

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$ pwd
/etc                              Start somewhere else
$ cd                              Run cd with no arguments...
$ pwd
/home/smith                       ...and you're home again

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$ cd $HOME/Work
$ cd ~/Work

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$ echo $HOME ~
/home/smith /home/smith

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$ echo ~jones
/home/jones

Move Faster with Tab Completion

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$ cd /usr
$ ls
bin  games  include  lib  local  sbin  share  src

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$ cd sha<Tab>
$ cd share/

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$ cd s<Tab>

$ cd s<Tab><Tab>
sbin/  share/  src/

$ cd sh<Tab>
$ cd share/

Tab completion is not only for cd commands, but also works for most commands.

Hop to Frequently Visited Directories Using Aliases or Variables

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# In a shell configuration file:
alias work="cd $HOME/Work/Projects/Web/src/include"

$ work
$ pwd
/home/smith/Work/Projects/Web/src/include

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$ work=$HOME/Work/Projects/Web/src/include
$ cd $work
$ pwd
/home/smith/Work/Projects/Web/src/include
$ ls $work/css                                Use the variable in other ways
main.css  mobile.css

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# Place in a shell configuration file and source it:
alias rcedit='cc $HOME/.bashrc'

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# Define the qcd function
qcd () {
  # Accept 1 argument that's a string key, and perform a different
  # "cd" operation for each key.
  case "$1" in
    work)
      cd $HOME/Work/Projects/Web/src/include
      ;;
    recipes)
      cd $HOME/Family/Cooking/Recipes
      ;;
    video)
      cd /data/Arts/Video/Collection
      ;;
    beatles)
      cd $HOME/Music/mp3/Artists/B/Beatles
      ;;
    *)
      # The supplied argument was not one of the supported keys
      echo "qcd: unknown key '$1'"
      return 1
      ;;
  esac
  # Helpfully print the current directory name to indicate where you are
  pwd
}
# Set up tab completion
complete -W "work recipes video beatles" qcd

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$ qcd <Tab><Tab>
beatles  recipes  video    work
$ qcd v<Tab><Enter>                       Completes 'v' to 'video'
/data/Arts/Video/Collection

Make a Big Filesystem Feel Smaller with CDPATH

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$ CDPATH=/usr     Set a CDPATH
$ cd /tmp         No output: CDPATH wasn't consulted
$ cd bin          cd consults CDPATH...
/usr/bin          ...and prints the new working directory

Organize Your Home Directory for Fast Navigation

Two levels of subdirectories in the directoryhome/smith

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# Place in a shell configuration file and source it:
export CDPATH=$HOME:$HOME/Work:$HOME/Family:$HOME/Linux:$HOME/Music:..

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$ (ls -d */ && ls -d */*/ | cut -d/ -f2-) | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | less

Returning to Directories Efficiently

Toggle Between Two Directories with “cd -“

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$ pwd
/home/smith/Finances/Bank/Checking/Statements
$ cd /etc
$ cd -
/home/smith/Finances/Bank/Checking/Statements

Toggle Among Many Directories with pushd and popd

Push a directory onto the stack

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$ pwd
/home/smith/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ pushd /var/www/html
/var/www/html ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ pushd /etc/apache2
/etc/apache2 /var/www/html ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ pushd /etc/ssl/certs
/etc/ssl/certs /etc/apache2 /var/www/html ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ pwd
/etc/ssl/certs

View a directory stack

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$ dirs
/etc/ssl/certs /etc/apache2 /var/www/html ~/Work/Projects/Web/src

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$ dirs -p
/etc/ssl/certs
/etc/apache2
/var/www/html
~/Work/Projects/Web/src

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$ dirs -p | nl -v0
     0  /etc/ssl/certs
     1  /etc/apache2
     2  /var/www/html
     3  ~/Work/Projects/Web/src

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$ dirs -v
 0  /etc/ssl/certs
 1  /etc/apache2
 2  /var/www/html
 3  ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
 
# Place in a shell configuration file and source it:
alias dirs='dirs -v'

Pop a directory from the stack

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$ dirs
/etc/ssl/certs /etc/apache2 /var/www/html ~/Work/Projects/Web/src

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$ popd
/etc/apache2 /var/www/html ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ popd
/var/www/html ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ popd
~/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ popd
bash: popd: directory stack empty
$ pwd
~/Work/Projects/Web/src

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# Place in a shell configuration file and source it:
alias gd=pushd
alias pd=popd

Swap directories on the stack

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$ dirs
/etc/apache2 ~/Work/Projects/Web/src /var/www/html
$ pushd
~/Work/Projects/Web/src /etc/apache2 /var/www/html
$ pushd
/etc/apache2 ~/Work/Projects/Web/src /var/www/html
$ pushd
~/Work/Projects/Web/src /etc/apache2 /var/www/html

Turn a mistaken cd into a pushd

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$ dirs
~/Work/Projects/Web/src /var/www/html /etc/apache2
$ cd /etc/ssl/certs
$ dirs
/etc/ssl/certs /var/www/html /etc/apache2

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$ pushd -
~/Work/Projects/Web/src /etc/ssl/certs /var/www/html /etc/apache2
$ pushd
/etc/ssl/certs ~/Work/Projects/Web/src /var/www/html /etc/apache2

Go deeper into the stack

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$ pushd +N

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$ dirs
/etc/ssl/certs ~/Work/Projects/Web/src /var/www/html /etc/apache2
$ pushd +1
~/Work/Projects/Web/src /var/www/html /etc/apache2 /etc/ssl/certs
$ pushd +2
/etc/apache2 /etc/ssl/certs ~/Work/Projects/Web/src /var/www/html

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# To shift /var/www/html to the top of the stack (and make it your current directory), run pushd +3.
$ dirs -v
 0  /etc/apache2
 1  /etc/ssl/certs
 2  ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
 3  /var/www/html

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# To jump to the directory at the bottom of the stack, run pushd -0 (dash zero):
$ dirs
/etc/apache2 /etc/ssl/certs ~/Work/Projects/Web/src /var/www/html
$ pushd -0
/var/www/html /etc/apache2 /etc/ssl/certs ~/Work/Projects/Web/src

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$ popd +N

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$ dirs
/var/www/html /etc/apache2 /etc/ssl/certs ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ popd +1
/var/www/html /etc/ssl/certs ~/Work/Projects/Web/src
$ popd +2
/var/www/html /etc/ssl/certs

An alternative is to open multiple virtual displays using command-line programs like screen and tmux, which are called terminal multiplexers. They’re more effort to learn than directory stacks but worth a look.

Screen

会话管理

操作快捷键说明
创建新会话screen 或 screen -S <会话名>直接输入 screen 创建无名称会话；-S 选项可指定会话名，如 screen -S myproject 创建名为 myproject 的会话
分离当前会话Ctrl + A，然后按 d将会话置于后台继续运行，可随时重新连接
列出所有会话screen -ls显示所有正在运行和已分离的 screen 会话
恢复会话screen -r <会话名或编号>重新连接到指定会话，若只有一个分离会话，可直接用 screen -r
终止会话在会话中输入 exit 或 screen -X -S <会话名或编号> quit前者在会话内直接退出，后者在外部终止指定会话

窗口操作

操作快捷键说明
创建新窗口Ctrl + A，然后按 c在当前会话中创建一个新的终端窗口
切换到下一个窗口Ctrl + A，然后按 n按顺序切换到下一个窗口
切换到上一个窗口Ctrl + A，然后按 p按顺序切换到上一个窗口
切换到指定编号窗口Ctrl + A，然后按 <窗口编号>直接切换到对应编号的窗口，编号从 0 开始
列出所有窗口Ctrl + A，然后按 w显示当前会话中所有窗口的列表及状态
重命名当前窗口Ctrl + A，然后按 A输入新的窗口名称并回车确认

其他实用操作

操作快捷键说明
锁定会话Ctrl + A，然后按 x锁定当前会话，需要输入登录密码解锁
进入滚动模式Ctrl + A，然后按 [可以使用方向键、Page Up、Page Down 滚动屏幕查看历史输出
退出滚动模式按 Enter在滚动模式下按此键退出
复制模式Ctrl + A，然后按 [，移动光标到起始位置，按 Space 开始标记，移动到结束位置按 Enter 完成复制用于复制屏幕上的文本内容
粘贴内容Ctrl + A，然后按 ]将复制模式中复制的内容粘贴到当前位置
efficient-linux
Linux Command
This post is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by the author.